![]() Although much has been written about case study in terms of the difference in the epistemological bases of seminal authors such as Stake and Yin, Merriam contends that “there is little consensus on what constitutes a case study or how this type of research is done”(p26). It is particularly useful in organisational research as the methods of data collection and analysis used are selected on a pragmatic basis conducive to undertaking research in clinical settings. More often than not, case study is undertaken in ‘real life situations’ (p 104). Case study has been described as a ‘study of the particular’ (p XI) as it is allows for the study of highly context-bound phenomena with a multiplicity of variables not amenable to control. Case study design is an appropriate methodology to use when study outcomes relate to clinical practice.Ĭase study design has been used frequently in health and social sciences to answer complex research questions due to its flexible and pragmatic approach. Multiple approaches to data collection are needed to evaluate the impact of complex roles and interventions in health care outcomes and service delivery. The design is flexible, allowing the use of multiple data collection methods from both qualitative and quantitative paradigms. ResultsĬase study is a powerful research strategy to use within sequential explanatory mixed method designs, and adds completeness to the exploration of complex issues in clinical practice. Phase 3 involved interviews with policy-makers to set the findings in context. ![]() This strengthened the potential to examine single cases that seemed ‘different’, and allowed for cases to be redefined. A coding framework, and the generation of cross tabulation matrices in NVivo, was used to make explicit how the outcome measures were confirmed and validated from multiple sources. Forty-one service users, 41 clinicians, and 23 Directors of Nursing or Midwifery were interviewed, and 279 service users completed a survey based on the components of CS and AP practice identified in Phase 1. Observations were made of 23 Clinical Specialists or Advanced Practitioners, and 23 matched clinicians in similar matched non-postholding sites, while they delivered care. Data were collected through observation, documentary analysis, and interviews. Phase 2 used matched case studies to evaluate the effectiveness of specialist and advanced practitioners on clinical outcomes for service users. In Phase 1, clinicians identified indicators of specialist and advanced practice which were then used to guide the instrumental case study design which formed the second phase of the larger study. This aim of this paper is to use The SCAPE Study: Specialist Clinical and Advanced Practitioner Evaluation in Ireland to illustrate how case study was used to strengthen a Sequential Explanatory Design. Methods in Psychology, 8, 100117.The role of the clinical nurse/midwife specialist and advanced nurse/midwife practitioner is complex not least because of the diversity in how the roles are operationalised across health settings and within multidisciplinary teams. Flip it: An exploratory (versus explanatory) sequential mixed methods design using Delphi and differential item functioning to evaluate item bias. Fan, Y., Bright, D., Stone, G., Matney, G., & Bostic, J. Implications are discussed for advancing data integration techniques and using mixed methods to improve instrument development. ![]() The 2 × 2 Concordance Integration Typology (a) crystallized instances where additional refinements were potentially needed and (b) provided for evaluating the distribution of bias across the set of items as a whole. A worked example from the development of the Problem-Solving Measures Grades 6–8 Computer Adaptive Tests supported using an exploratory sequential design to inform item refinement. We introduce the 2 × 2 Concordance Integration Typology as a systematic way to examine agreement and disagreement across the qualitative and quantitative findings using a concordance joint display table. An exploratory sequential design is illustrated as an additional approach using a Delphi technique in Phase I and Rasch DIF analyses in Phase II. Use of Delphi before quantitative field testing to screen for potential sources leading to item bias is lacking in the literature. An explanatory sequential mixed methods design using Delphi is a common approach to gain experts' insight into why items might have exhibited differential item functioning (DIF) for a sub-group, indicating potential item bias. The Delphi method has been adapted to inform item refinements in educational and psychological assessment development. ![]()
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